Bhatnagar M, et al. (2002). Neurotoxicity of fluoride: neurodegeneration in hippocampus of female mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40: 546-54. (See abstract)

Calderon J, et al. (2000). Influence of fluoride exposure on reaction time and visuospatial organization in children. Epidemiology 11(4): S153. (See abstract)

Calvert GM, et al. (1998). Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers. American Journal of Public Health 88(12):1774-80. (See abstract)

Ekambaram P, Paul V. (2001). Calcium preventing locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing serum fluoride level in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 9(4):141-146. (See abstract)

Li XS. (1995). Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence in children. Fluoride 28(4):189-192. (See abstract)

Li Y, et al. (1994). [Effect of excessive fluoride intake on mental work capacity of children and a preliminary study of its mechanism] Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao. 25(2):188-91. (See abstract)

Lin Fa-Fu; et al (1991). The relationship of a low-iodine and high-fluoride environment to subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang. Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter Vol. 7. No. 3. (See study)

Lu Y, et al (2000). Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence of children. Fluoride 33:74-78. (See abstract | See study )

Morgan L, et al (1998). Investigation of the possible associations between fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and childhood behavior problems. Pediatric Dentistry 20: 244-252. (See abstract)

Mullenix P, et al. (1995).Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17:169-177. (See abstract | See editorial discussing this study)

National Research Council. (2006). Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects. In: Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. (See chapter)

Paul V, et al. (1998). Effects of sodium fluoride on locomotor behavior and a few biochemical parameters in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 6: 187–191. (See abstract)

Qin LS, Cui SY. (1990). The influence of drinking water fluoride on pupils IQ, as measured by Rui Wen's standards. Chinese Journal of the Control of Endemic Diseases 5:203-204.

Schettler T, et al. (2000). Known and suspected developmental neurotoxicants. pp. 90-92. In: In Harms Way - Toxic Threats to Child Development. Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility: Cambridge, MA. (See excerpt)

Spittle B. (2000). Fluoride and intelligence (Editorial). Fluoride 33: 49-52. (See editorial)

Sun ZR, et al. (2000). Effects of high fluoride drinking water on the cerebral functions of mice. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 19: 262-263. (See abstract)

Wang G, et al. (1996). Research on intelligence quotient of 4-7 year-old children in a district with a high level of fluoride. Endemic Diseases Bulletin 11:60-62.

Wang S, et al. (2005). Investigation and evaluation on intelligence and growth of children in endemic fluorosis and arsenism areas. Chinese Journal of Endemiology 24:179-182.

Xiang Q, et al. (2003). Effect of fluoride in drinking water on children's intelligence. Fluoride 36: 84-94. (Se e abstract)

Yang Y, et al. (1994). [Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children's intelligence and the metabolism of iodine and fluorine]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi.15(5):296-8. (See abstract)

Zhang C, et al. (1999). [Effect of fluoride-arsenic exposure on the neurobehavioral development of rats offspring] Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 28(6):337-8. (See abstract)

Zhang Z, et al. (2001). [Effects of selenium on the damage of learning-memory ability of mice induced by fluoride]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 30(3):144-6. (See abstract)

Zhang Z, et al. (1999). [Effect of fluoride exposure on synaptic structure of brain areas related to learning-memory in mice] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 28(4):210-2. (See abstract)

Zhao LB, et al (1996). Effect of high-fluoride water supply on children's intelligence. Fluoride 29: 190-192. (See abstract)

Fluoride-Induced Damage to Brain (back to top)

Bhatnagar M, et al. (2002). Neurotoxicity of fluoride: neurodegeneration in hippocampus of female mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40: 546-54. (See abstract)

Bhatnagar M, et al. (2006). Biochemical changes in brain and other tissues of young adult female mice from fluoride in their drinking water. Fluoride 39:280-284. (See study)

Chen J, et al. (2003). Selective decreases of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in PC12 cells exposed to fluoride. Toxicology 183(1-3):235-42. (See abstract)

Chen J, et al. (2002). Studies on DNA damage and apoptosis in rat brain induced by fluoride. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 36(4):222-224. (See abstract)

Chen J, et al. (2002). Selective decreases of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in PC12 cells exposed to fluoride. Toxicology 183(1-3):235-42. (See abstract)

Chinoy NJ, et al. (2004). Biochemical effects of sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide toxicity and their reversal in the brain of mice. Fluoride 37: 80-87. (See abstract)

Du L. (1992). [The effect of fluorine on the developing human brain]. Chung-hua Ping Li Hsueh Tsa Chih. 21(4):218-20. (See abstract)

Eisenbrandt DL, Nitschke KD. (1989). Inhalation toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride in rats and rabbits. Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology 1989 Apr;12(3):540-57. (See abstract)

Ge Y, et al. (2005). Effects of high fluoride and low iodine on brain histopathology in offspring rats. Fluoride 38: 127-132.

Ge Y, et al. (2006). Apoptosis in brain cells of offspring rats exposed to high fluoride and low iodine. Fluoride 39:173-178. (See study)

Guan ZZ, et al (1998). Influence of chronic fluorosis on membrane lipids in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 20: 537-542. (See abstract)

Janiszewska G, et al. (1984). Effect of certain agents on subcellular cAMP level in different areas of rat brain. Acta Physiologica Polonica 35(3):199-206. (See abstract)

Kay AR, et al. (1986). Intracellular fluoride alters the kinetic properties of calcium currents facilitating the investigation of synaptic events in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 6(10):2915-20. (See abstract)

Lakshmi Vani M, Pratap Reddy K. (2000). Effects of fluoride accumulation on some enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Fluoride 33: 17-26. (See abstract)

Liu WX. (1989). [Experimental study of behavior and cerebral morphology of rat pups generated by fluorotic female rat] Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 18(4):290-2. (See abstract)

Long YG, et al. (2002). Chronic fluoride toxicity decreases the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 24(6):751-7. (See abstract)

Lu XH, et al. (2000). Study of the mechanism of neurone apoptosis in rats from the chronic fluorosis. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 19: 96-98. (See abstract)

National Research Council. (2006). Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects. In: Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. (See chapter)

Sarri E, Claro E. (1999). Fluoride-induced depletion of polyphosphoinositides in rat brain cortical slices: a rationale for the inhibitory effects on phospholipase C. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 17(4):357-67. (See abstract)

Shah SD, Chinoy NJ. (2004). Adverse effects of fluoride and/or arsenic on the cerebral hemisphere of mice and recovery by some antidotes. Fluoride 37: 162-171. (See abstract)

Shan KR, et al. (2004). Decreased nicotinic receptors in PC12 cells and rat brains influenced by fluoride toxicity-a mechanism relating to a damage at the level in post-transcription of the receptor genes. Toxicology 200: 169-77. (See abstract)

Shao Q, et al. (2000). [Influence of free radical inducer on the level of oxidative stress in brain of rats with fluorosis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 34(6):330-2. (See abstract)

Shashi A. (2003). Histopathological investigation of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rabbits. Fluoride 36: 95-105. (See abstract)

Shashi A, et al. (1994). Effect of long-term administration of fluoride on levels of protein, free amino acids and RNA in rabbit brain. Fluoride 27: 155-159. (See abstract)

Shashi A. (1992). Studies on alterations in brain lipid metabolism following experimental fluorosis. Fluoride 25(2):77-84. (See abstract)

Shen X, Zhang Z, Xu X. (2004). [Influence of combined iodine and fluoride on phospholipid and fatty acid composition in brain cells of rats] Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:158-61. (See abstract)

Shivarajashankara YM , et al. (2002). Histological changes in the brain of young fluoride-intoxicated rats. Fluoride 35(1): 12-21. (See study)

Shivarajashankara YM , et al. (2002). Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride 35: 197-203. (See abstract)

Trabelsi M, et al. (2001). Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice. Fluoride 34: 165-173. (See study)

Varner JA, et al. (1998). Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride and sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Research 784: 284-298. (See abstract | See condensed version of study | See media report)

Wang J, et al. (2004). Effects of high fluoride and low iodine on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense of the brain in offspring rats. Fluoride 37: 264-270. (See abstract)

Wang Y, et al. (1997). [Changes of coenzyme Q content in brain tissues of rats with fluorosis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 31: 330-3. (See abstract)

Zhai JX, et al. (2003). [Studies on fluoride concentration and cholinesterase activity in rat hippocampus] Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 21(2):102-4. (See abstract)

Zhao XL, Wu JH. (1998). Actions of sodium fluoride on acetylcholinesterase activities in rats. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 11(1):1-6. (See abstract)

Zhao XL, Gao WH, Zhao ZL. (1994). [Effects of sodium fluoride on the activity of Ca2+Mg(2+)-ATPase in synaptic membrane in rat brain] Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi.28(5):264-6. (See abstract)

Silicofluoride/lead uptake (back to top)

Macek M, et al. (2006). Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, 1988-1994. Environmental Health Persepctives 114:130-134. (See abstract)

Macek M, et al. (2003). Water fluoridation and blood lead levels in US children. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 63(Suppl 1): S36. (See abstract)

Masters R, et al. (2000). Association of silicofluoride treated water with elevated blood lead. Neurotoxicology 21(6): 1091-1099. (See abstract)

Masters RD, Coplan M. (1999). Water treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Studies 56: 435-449. (See abstract)

Seavey J. (2005). Water fluoridation and crime in America. Fluoride 38: 11-22.

For commentary, see:

Coplan MJ, Masters RD. (2001). Silicofluorides and fluoridation. Fluoride 34(3): 161-220. (See paper)

"Dartmouth researcher warns of chemicals added to drinking water." (March 15, 2001). Dartmouth College News. (See news release)

Fluoride & the Pineal Gland (back to top)

Luke J. (1997). The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Surrey, Guildford. (See abstract | See study)

Luke J. (2001). Fluoride deposition in the aged human pineal gland. Caries Research 35:125-128. (See abstract)

Synergistic effects of Fluoride/Aluminum (back to top)

Allain P, et al. (1996). Enhancement of aluminum digestive absorption by fluoride in rats. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology 91(2):225-31. (See abstract)

Chase M. (1992). Rat studies link brain cell damage with aluminum and fluoride in water. Wall Street Journal October 28: B6. (See article)

Strunecka A, Patocka J. (1999). Pharmacological and toxicological effects of aluminofluoride complexes. Fluoride 32: 230-242. (See paper)

Strunecka A, Patocka J. (2002). Aluminofluoride complexes in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Structure and bonding 104: 239-280.

van der Voet GB, et al. (1999). Fluoride enhances the effect of aluminium chloride on interconnections between aggregates of hippocampal neurons. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 107(1):15-21. (See abstract)

Varner JA, et al. (1998). Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride and sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Research 784: 284-298. (See abstract | See condensed version of study | See media report)

Varner JA, et al. (1997). Toxin-induced blood vessel inclusions caused by the chronic administration of aluminum and sodium fluoride and their implications for dementia. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 825: 152-166. (See condensed version of study)

Other (back to top)

National Research Council. (1971). Effects of Fluoride on Human Health: Nervous System. In: Fluorides. Committee on Biological Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. Chapter 9. (See excerpt)

Popov LI, et al. (1974). Aspects of nervous system affections in occupational fluorosis. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 5: 25-27.

II. FLUORIDE & OXIDATIVE STRESS (back to top)

Akdogan M, et al. (2004). Effects of fluoride on lipid peroxidation in rabbits. Fluoride 37: 185-189.

Chlubek D. (2003). Fluoride and oxidative stress. Fluoride 36: 217-228.

Ghosh D, et al. (2002). Testicular toxicity in sodium fluoride treated rats: association with oxidative stress. Reproductive Toxicolology 16(4):385.(See abstract)

Guan ZZ, et al. (2000). Changed cellular membrane lipid composition and lipid peroxidation of kidney in rats with chronic fluorosis. Archives of Toxicology 74: 602-8. (See abstract)

Guan ZZ, et al (1998). Influence of chronic fluorosis on membrane lipids in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 20: 537-542. (See abstract)

Guan ZZ, et al. (1989). An experimental study of blood biochemical diagnostic indices for chronic fluorosis. Fluoride 22: 112-128.

Guven A, et al. (2005). Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione in Tuj sheep. Fluoride 38: 133-138.

Inkielewicz I, Krechniak J. (2004). Fluoride effects on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in rats. Fluoride 37: 7-12. (See abstract)

Reddy GB, et al. (2003). Antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in patients with skeletal fluorosis and in fluoride-intoxicated rabbits. Toxicological Sciences 72: 363-8. (See abstract)

Rzeuski R, Chlubek D, Machoy Z. (1998). Interactions between fluoride and biological free radical reactions. Fluoride 31: 43-45. (See paper)

Shan KR, et al. (2004). Decreased nicotinic receptors in PC12 cells and rat brains influenced by fluoride toxicity-a mechanism relating to a damage at the level in post-transcription of the receptor genes. Toxicology 200: 169-77. (See abstract)

Shanthakumari D, et al. (2004). Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipidperoxidation and antioxidant status in experimental rats. Toxicology 204: 219-28. (See abstract)

Shao Q, et al. (2000). [Influence of free radical inducer on the level of oxidative stress in brain of rats with fluorosis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 34(6):330-2. (See abstract)

Shen X, Zhang Z, Xu X. (2004). [Influence of combined iodine and fluoride on phospholipid and fatty acid composition in brain cells of rats]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33(2):158-61.(See abstract)

Shivashankara AR, et al. (2002). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in liver of rats in chronic fluoride toxicity. Bulletin of Environmetnal Contamination and Toxicology 68: 612-6.

Shivarajashankara YM, et al. (2003). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in the blood of young rats subjected to chronic fluoride toxicity. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 41: 857-60. (See abstract)

Shivarajashankara YM , et al. (2002). Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride 35: 197-203. (See abstract)

Shivashankara YM, et al. (2001). Oxidative stress in children with endemic skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride 34: 103-107. (See study)

Shivashankara YM, et al. (2001). Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in rats. Fluoride 34: 108-113. (See study)

Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. (2002). Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 234-235(1-2):335-40. (See abstract | See study)

Wang AG, et al. (2004). Effects of fluoride on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis in human embryo hepatocytes. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 17: 217-22. (See abstract)

Wang YN, et al. (2000). Effect of long term fluoride exposure on lipid composition in rat liver. Toxicology 146: 161-9. (See abstract)

Wang Y, et al. (1997). [Changes of coenzyme Q content in brain tissues of rats with fluorosis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 31: 330-3. (See abstract)

Zhan X, et al. (2005). Effects of fluorosis on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in young pigs. Fluoride 38: 157-161.

III. FLUORIDE & G-PROTEINS (back to top)

Ahmadian MR, et al. (1997). Aluminum fluoride associates with the small guanine nucleotide binding proteins. FEBS Letters 408(3):315-8. (See abstract)

Bigay J, et al. (1987). Fluoride complexes of aluminium or beryllium act on G-proteins as reversibly bound analogues of the gamma phosphate of GTP. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 6:2907-2913. (See abstract)

Bigay J, et al. (1985). Fluoroaluminates activate transducin-GDP by mimicking the gamma-phosphate of GTP in its binding site. FEBS Letters 191:181-185. (See abstract)

Chabre M. (1990). Aluminofluoride and beryllofluoride complexes: a new phosphate analogs in enzymology. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 15: 6-10. (See abstract)

Gilman AG (1987). G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annual Review of Biochemistry 56: 615-649.

Li L. (2003). The biochemistry and physiology of metallic fluoride: action, mechanism, and implications. Critical Reviews of Oral Biology and Medicine 14(2):100-14. (See abstract)

Loweth AC, et al. (1996). Heterotrimeric G-proteins are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells. Experimental Cell Research 229(1):69-76. (See abstract)

Matsuo S, et al. (1998). Mechanism of toxic action of fluoride in dental fluorosis: whether trimeric G proteins participate in the disturbance of intracellular transport of secretory ameloblast exposed to fluoride. Archives of Toxicology 72(12):798-806. (See abstract)

Sternweis PC, Gilman AG. (1982). Aluminum: a requirement for activation of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase by fluoride. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79: 4888-91. (See abstract)

Strunecka A, Patocka J. (2002). Aluminofluoride complexes in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Structure and bonding 104: 239-280.

Strunecka A, Patocka J. (1999). Pharmacological and toxicological effects of aluminofluoride complexes. Fluoride 32: 230-242. (See paper)

Susa M. (1999). Heterotrimeric G proteins as fluoride targets in bone (review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine 3(2):115-26. (See abstract)

Wittinghofer A. (1997). Signaling mechanistics: aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year. Current Biology 7: R682-5. (See abstract)

IV. FLUORIDE & BONE (back to top)

Endemic fluorosis (back to top)

Azar HA, et al. (1961). Skeletal fluorosis due to chronic fluoride intoxication. Annals of Internal Medicine 55:193-200.

Barot VV. (1998). Occurrence of endemic fluorosis in human population of North Gujarat, India: human health risk. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61: 303-10.

Bo Z, et al. (2003). Distribution and risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the west plain region of Jilin province, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 25(4): 421-31. (See abstract)

Boyle DR, Chagnon M. (1995). An incidence of skeletal fluorosis associated with groundwaters of the maritime carboniferous basin, Gaspe region, Quebec, Canada. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 17: 5-12.

Bruns BR, Tytle T. (1988). Skeletal fluorosis: a report of two cases. Orthopedics 11: 1083-1087. (See abstract)

Cao J, et al. (2003). Brick tea fluoride as a main source of adult fluorosis. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41(4):535-42. (See abstract)

Choubisa SL, et al. (2001). Endemic fluorosis in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 43:177-89. (See abstract)

Christie DP. (1980). The spectrum of radiographic bone changes in children with fluorosis. Radiology 136(1):85-90. (See abstract)

Cook HA. (1971). Fluoride studies in a patient with arthritis. The Lancet 1: 817. (See study)

Dhuna AK, et al. (1992). Skeletal fluorosis. An unusual cause of progressive radiculomyelopathy. Spine 17:842-4.

Faccini JM, Teotia SPS. (1974). Histopathological assessment of endemic skeletal fluorosis. Calcified Tissue Research 16: 45-57.

Felsenfeld AJ, Roberts MA. (1991). A report of fluorosis in the United States secondary to drinking well water. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:486-8. (See abstract)

Fisher JR, et al. (1981). Skeletal fluorosis from eating soil. Arizona Medicine 38: 833-5. (See abstract)

Fisher RL, et al. (1989). Endemic fluorosis with spinal cord compression. A case report and review. Archives of Internal Medicine 149: 697-700. (See abstract)

Gilbaugh JH, Thompson GJ. (1966). Fluoride osteosclerosis simulating carcinoma of the prostate with widespread bony metastasis: a case report. Journal of Urology 96: 944-946.

Goldman SM, et al. (1971). Radiculomyelopathy in a southwestern indian due to skeletal fluorosis. Arizona Medicine 28: 675-677.

Gupta RK, et al. (1996). Compressive myelopathy in fluorosis. Neuroradiology 38: 338-342. (See abstract)

Haimanot RT. (1990). Neurological complications of endemic skeletal fluorosis, with special emphasis on radiculo-myelopathy. Paraplegia 28:244-51. (See abstract)

Hileman B. (1988). Fluoridation of water. Questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chemical and Engineering News August 1. 26-42. (See excerpt)

Johnson W, et al. (1979). Fluoridation and bone disease in renal patients. In: E Johansen, DR Taves, TO Olsen, Eds. Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides. AAAS Selected Symposium. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 275-293. (See extended excerpt)

Jolly SS, et al. (1973). Endemic fluorosis in Punjab: 1. skeletal aspect. Fluoride 6: 4-18.

Jolly SS. (1970). Hydric fluorosis in Punjab. In: TL Vischer, ed. (1970). Fluoride in Medicine. Hans Huber, Bern. pp. 106-121.

Jolly SS. (1968). An epidemiological, clinical and biochemical study of endemic, dental and skeletal fluorosis in Punjab. Fluoride 1(2): 65-75.

Juncos LI, Donadio JV Jr. (1972). Renal failure and fluorosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 222(7):783-5. (See abstract)

Kilborn LG, et al. (1950). Fluorosis with report of an advanced case. Canadian Medical Association Journal 62: 135-141.

Krishnamachari KA. (1986). Skeletal fluorosis in humans: a review of recent progress in the understanding of the disease. Progress in Food and Nutrition Sciences 10(3-4):279-314. (See abstract)

Krishnamachari KA, Krishnaswamy K. (1973). Genu valgum and osteoporosis in an area of endemic fluorosis. The Lancet. 2(7834): 877-879. (See abstract)

Kumar SP, Harper RA. (1963). Fluorosis in Aden. British Journal of Radiology 36: 497-502.

Lantz O, et al. (1987). Fluoride-induced chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Disorders 10:136-9. (See abstract)

Latham MC, Grech P. (1967). The effects of excessive fluoride intake. American Journal of Public Health 57: 651-660.

Leone NC, Stevenson CA, Hilbish TF, Sosman MC. (1955). A roentgenologic study of a human population exposed to high-fluoride domestic water: a ten year study. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 74: 874-885.

Lian ZC, Wu EH. (1986). Osteoporosis--an early radiographic sign of endemic fluorosis. Skeletal Radiology 15(5):350-3. (See abstract)

Linsman JF, McMurray CA. (1943). Fluoride osteosclerosis from drinking water. Radiology 40: 474-484.

Littleton J. (1999). Paleopathology of skeletal fluorosis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109(4):465-83. (See abstract)

Lyth O. (1946). Endemic fluorosis in Kweichow, China. The Lancet 1: 233-235.

Misra UK, et al. (1988). Endemic fluorosis presenting as cervical cord compression. Archives of Environmental Health 43:18-21. (See abstract)

Mithal A, et al. (1993). Radiological spectrum of endemic fluorosis: relationship with calcium intake. Skeletal Radiology 22(4):257-61. (See abstract)

Morris JW. (1965). Skeletal fluorosis among indians of the American Southwest. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy & Nuclear Medicine 94: 608-615.

Muthukumar N. (2005). Ossification of the ligamentum flavum as a result of fluorosis causing myelopathy: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 56: 622. (See abstract)

Pandit CG, et al. (1940). Endemic fluorosis in South India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 28: 533-558.

Pinet A, Pinet F. (1968). Endemic fluorosis in the Sahara. Fluoride 1(2): 85-93.

Sauerbrunn BJ, et al. (1965). Chronic fluoride intoxication with fluorotic radiculomyelopathy. Annals of Internal Medicine 63: 1074-1078.

Savas S, et al. (2001). Endemic fluorosis in Turkish patients: relationship with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology International 21(1):30-5. (See abstract )

Shortt HE, et al. (1937). Endemic fluorosis in the Madras presidency. Indian Journal of Medical Research 25: 553-568.

Siddiqui AH. (1970). Neurological complications of skeletal fluorosis with special reference to lesions in the cervical region. Fluoride 3: 91-96.

Siddiqui AH. (1955). Fluorosis in Nalgonda district, Hyderabad-Deccan. British Medical Journal ii (Dec 10): 1408-1413.

Singh A, Jolly SS. (1970). Chronic toxic effects on the skeletal system. In: Fluorides and Human Health. World Health Organization.

Singh A, et al. (1963). Endemic fluorosis. Epidemiological, clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride intoxication in Punjab. Medicine. 42: 229-246.

Singh A, et al. (1961). Skeletal fluorosis and its neurological complications. Lancet 1: 197-200.

Soriano, M. (1968). Periostitis deformans due to wine fluorosis. Fluoride 1: 56-64.

Stevenson CA, Watson R. (1957). Fluoride osteosclerosis. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 78: 13-18.

Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. (2002). Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 234-235(1-2):335-40. (See abstract)

Susheela AK, et al. (1993). Prevalence of endemic fluorosis with gastro-intestinal manifestations in people living in some North-Indian villages. Fluoride 26(2): 97-104. (See abstract)

Teotia M, Teotia SP, Singh KP. (1998). Endemic chronic fluoride toxicity and dietary calcium deficiency interaction syndromes of metabolic bone disease and deformities in India: year 2000. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 65:371-81. (See abstract)

Teotia SPS, et al. (1976). Symposium on the non-skeletal phase of chronic fluorosis: the joints. Fluoride 9(1): 19-24. (See paper)

Teotia M, Teotia SPS. (1973). Further observations on endemic fluoride-induced osteopathies in children. Fluoride 6: 143-151.

UNICEF Water, Environment & Sanitation. (1999). Fluoride in water: An overview. Waterfront December. (See report)

Xu RQ, et al. (1997). Relations between environment and endemic fluorosis in Hohot region, Inner Mongolia. Fluoride 30: 26-28

Waldbott GL. (1956). Incipient fluorine intoxication from drinking water. Acta Medica Scandinavica 156: 157-168. (See summary)

Wang W, et al. (2004). Ossification of the transverse atlantal ligament associated with fluorosis: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Spine 29 :E75-8. (See abstract)

Wang Y, et al. (1994). Endemic fluorosis of the skeleton: radiographic features in 127 patients. American Journal of Roentgenology 162(1):93-8. (See abstract).

Webb-Peploe MM, Bradley WG. (1966). Endemic fluorosis with neurological complications in a Hampshire man. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 29:577-583.

Whyte MP, et al. (2005). Skeletal fluorosis and instant tea. American Journal of Medicine 118:78-82. (See press release)

Yang L, et al. (2003). Developing environmental health indicators as policy tools for endemic fluorosis management in the People's Republic of China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 25(3):281-95. (See abstract)

Zhavoronkov AA. (1977). [Non-skeletal forms of fluorosis]. Arkh Patol. 39(3):83-91. (See abstract)

See also:

Fluoride Action Network. (2004). Fluorosis in India: Recent Reports. http://www.fluoridealert.org/fluorosis-india.htm

Occupational Fluorosis (back to top)

Boillat MA, et al. (1980). Radiological criteria of industrial fluorosis. Skeletal Radiology 5: 161-165.

Carnow BW, Conibear SA. (1981). Industrial fluorosis. Fluoride 14(4): 172-181. (See study)

Czerwinski E, et al. (1988). Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers. Archives of Environmental Health 43(5):340-3. (See abstract)

Czerwinski E, Lankosz W. (1978). Skeletal changes in industrial and endemic fluorosis. Fluoride 11(1):29-32. (See study).

Czerwinski E, Lankosz W. (1977). Fluoride-induced changes in 60 retired aluminum workers. Fluoride 10(3): 125-136. (See study)

Derryberry OM, et al. (1963). Fluoride exposure and worker health. Archives of Environmental Health 6: 503-514.

Franke J, et al. (1975). Industrial fluorosis. Fluoride 8(2): 61-83.

Grandjean P. (1982). Occupational fluorosis through 50 years: clinical and epidemiological experiences. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3(2):227-36. (See abstract)

Hodge HC, Smith FA. (1979). Occupational fluoride exposure. Journal of Occupational Medicine 19: 12-39.

Kaltreider NL, et al. (1972). Health survey of aluminum workers with special reference to fluoride exposure. Journal of Occupational Medicine 14(7): 531-541.

Moller PF, Gudjonsson SV. (1932). Massive fluorosis of bones and ligaments. Acta Radiology 13:269-294.

Roholm K. (1937). Fluoride intoxication: a clinical-hygienic study with a review of the literature and some experimental investigations. H.K. Lewis Ltd, London.

Runge H, Franke J. (1989). Radiological modifications of the skeletal system among aluminum smelter workers: A 15 year retrospective study. Fluoride 22: 157-164. (See study)

Tartatovskaya LY, et al. (1995). Clinico-hygiene assessment of the combined effect on the body of vibration and fluorine. Noise and Vibration Bulletin 263-264.

Waldbott GL, Cecilioni VA. (1969). Neighborhood fluorosis. Fluoride 2: 206-213. (See study)

Zhiliang Y, et al. (1987). Industrial fluoride pollution in the metallurgical industry in China. Fluoride 20(3): 118-125. (See study)

Livestock Fluorosis (back to top)

Griffith-Jones W. (1977). Fluorosis in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Record 100: 84-89. (See abstract)

Huffman WT. (1949). Effects on livestock of air contamination caused by fluoride fumes. pp. 59-63. In: Air Pollution. Proceedings of the United States Technical Conference on Air Pollution. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York.

Krook L, Maylin GA. (1979). Industrial fluoride pollution. Chronic fluoride poisoning in Cornwall Island cattle. Cornell Veterinarian 69(Suppl 8): 1-70. (See abstract)

Lillie RJ. (1970). Air Pollutants Affecting the Performance of Domestic Animals: A Literature Review. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook No. 380. Washington D.C.

National Academy of Sciences. (1960). The fluorosis problem in livestock production. Committee on Animal Nutrition, Agricultural Board. Washington DC.

Roholm K. (1937). Fluoride intoxication: a clinical-hygienic study with a review of the literature and some experimental investigations. H.K. Lewis Ltd, London.

Schmidt HJ, Rand WE. (1952). A critical study of the literature on fluoride toxicology with respect to cattle damage. American Journal of Veterinary Research 13: 39-48.

Shupe JL, Olson AE. (1971). Clinical aspects of fluorosis in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Association 158: 167-174. (See study)

Shupe JL, et al. (1963). The effect of fluorine on dairy cattle II. Clinical and pathologic effects. American Journal of Veterinary Research 24: 964-979.

Suttie JW. (1977). Effects of fluoride on livestock. Journal of Occupational Medicine 19: 40-48.

Fluoride & Bone Strength: Animal Studies (back to top)

Bohatyrewicz A. (1999). Effects of fluoride on mechanical properties of femoral bone in growing rats. Fluoride 32: 47-54. (See abstract)

Burnell TW, et al. (1986). Effect of dietary fluorine on growth, blood and bone characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 63: 2053-67. (See abstract)

Carter DR, Beaupre GS. (1990). Effects of fluoride treatment on bone strength. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5 Suppl 1:S177-84. (See abstract)

Gedalia I, et al. (1964). Effects of estrogen on bone composition in rats at low and high fluoride intake. Endocrinology 75: 201-205. (See abstract)

Giavaresi G, et al. (1999). The mechanical properties of fluoride-treated bone in the ovariectomized rat. Calcified Tissue International 65: 237-41. (See abstract)

Lafage MH, et al. (1995). Comparison of alendronate and sodium fluoride effects on cancellous and cortical bone in minipigs. A one-year study. Journal of Clinical Investigation 95: 2127-33. (See abstract)

Mosekilde L, et al. (1987). Compressive strength, ash weight, and volume of vertebral trabecular bone in experimental fluorosis in pigs. Calcified Tissue International 40: 318-22. (See abstract)

Riggins RS, et al. (1976). The effect of fluoride supplementation on the strength of osteopenic bone. Clinical Orthopaedics (114):352-7. (See abstract)

Riggins RS, et al. (1974). The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Bone Breaking Strength. Calcified Tissue Research 14: 283-289. (See abstract)

Silva MJ, Ulrich SR. (2000). In vitro sodium fluoride exposure decreases torsional and bending strength and increases ductility of mouse femora. Journal of Biomechanics 33(2):231-4. (See abstract)

Sogaard CH, et al. (1995). Effects of fluoride on rat vertebral body biomechanical competence and bone mass. Bone 16(1): 163-9. (See abstract)

Turner CH, et al. (2001). Combined effects of diets with reduced calcium and phosphate and increased fluoride intake on vertebral bone strength and histology in rats. Calcified Tissue International 69(1):51-7. (See abstract)

Turner CH, et al. (1997). Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits. Calcified Tissue International 61(1):77-83. (See abstract)

Turner CH, et al. (1996). High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency. Bone 19(6):595-601.(See abstract)

Turner CH, et al. (1996). Reductions in bone strength after fluoride treatment are not reflected in tissue-level acoustic measurements. Bone 19(6):603-7. (See abstract)

Turner CH, et al. (1995). Fluoride reduces bone strength in older rats. Journal of Dental Research 74(8):1475-81. (See abstract)

Turner CH, Dunipace AJ. (1993). On fluoride and bone strength (letter). Calcified Tissue International 53: 289-290.

Turner CH, et al. (1992). The effects of fluoridated water on bone strength. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 10(4):581-7. (See abstract)

Walsh WR, Guzelsu N. (1993). The role of ions and mineral-organic interfacial bonding on the compressive properties of cortical bone. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 3: 75-84. (See abstract)

Wolinsky I, et al. (1972). Effects of fluoride on metabolism and mechanical properties of rat bone. American Journal of Physiology 223(1): 46-50. (See abstract)

Fluoride & Bone Fracture: Human Clinical Trials (back to top)

Bayley TA, et al. (1990). Fluoride-induced fractures: relation to osteogenic effect. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl 1):S217-22. (See abstract)

Dambacher MA, et al. (1986). Long-term fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 7: 199-205. (See abstract

Gerster JC, et al. (1983). Bilateral fractures of femoral neck in patients with moderate renal failure receiving fluoride for spinal osteoporosis. British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed) 287(6394):723-5. (See abstract)

Gutteridge DH, et al. (2002). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis International 13(2):158-70. (See abstract)

Gutteridge DH, et al. (1990). Spontaneous hip fractures in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5 Suppl 1:S205-15. (See abstract)

Haguenauer D, et al. (2000). Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International 11(9):727-38. (See abstract)

Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. (1989). Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4:223-5. (See abstract)

Inkovaara J, et al. (1975). Prophylactic fluoride treatment and aged bones. British Medical Journal 3(5975):73-4. (See abstract)

Kleerekoper M, et al. (1991). A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 1(3):155-61. (See abstract)

Meunier PJ, et al. (1998). Fluoride salts are no better at preventing new vertebral fractures than calcium-vitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the FAVOStudy. Osteoporosis International 8: 4-12. (See abstract)

National Research Council. (2006). Musculoskeletal Effects. In: Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. (See chapter)

O'Duffy JD, et al. (1986). Mechanism of acute lower extremity pain syndrome in fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients. American Journal of Medicine 80: 561-6. (See abstract)

Orcel P, et al. (1990). Stress fractures of the lower limbs in osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5(Suppl 1): S191-4. (See abstract)

Orcel P, et al. (1987). [Spontaneous fissures and fractures of the legs in patients with osteoporosis treated with sodium fluoride]. Presse Med. 16: 571-5. (See abstract)

Pak CY, et al. (1996). Comparison of nonrandomized trials with slow-release sodium fluoride with a randomized placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11(2):160-8. (See abstract)

Pak CY, et al. (1995). Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 123: 401-8. (See abstract)

Riggs BL, et al. (1990). Effect of Fluoride treatment on the Fracture Rates in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 322:802-809. (See abstract)

Rubin CD, et al. (2001). Sustained-release sodium fluoride in the treatment of the elderly with established osteoporosis. Archives of Internal Medicine 161(19):2325-33. (See abstract)

Schnitzler CM, et al. (1990). Bone fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopaedics (261):268-75. (See abstract)

Schnitzler CM, Solomon L. (1985). Trabecular stress fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. Skeletal Radioliology 14(4):276-9. (See abstract)

Fluoride & Bone Fracture: Epidemiological Studies (back to top)

Studies reporting association between fluoridated water (< 1.2 ppm fluoride) & hip fracture. (back to top)

a) Cooper C, et al. (1990). Water fluoride concentration and fracture of the proximal femur. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 44: 17-19.

b) Cooper C, et al. (1991). Water fluoridation and hip fracture. Letter. Journal of the American Medical Association 266: 513-514. (A reanalysis of data presented in 1990 paper). (See letter)

Danielson C, et al. (1992). Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly population. Journal of the American Medical Association 268(6): 746-748. (See abstract)

Hegmann KT, et al. (2000). The effects of fluoridation on degenerative joint disease (DJD) and hip Fractures. Abstract # 71 of the 33rd annual meeting of the Society for Epidemiological Research. American Journal of Epidemiology S18. (See abstract).

Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1992). The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older; a national ecologic study. Annals of Epidemiology 2: 617-626. (See abstract)

Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1990). Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and olders. Journal of the American Medical Association 264(4): 500-2. (See excerpt)

a) Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1995). Fluorine concentration in drinking water and fractures in the elderly. Journal of the American Medical Association 273: 775-776 (letter). (See letter)

b) Jacqmin-Gadda H, et al. (1998). Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiology 9(4): 417-423. (An elaboration of the 1995 study referred to in the JAMA letter). (See abstract)

Keller C. (1991) Fluorides in drinking water. Unpublished

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A Bibliography of Scientific Literature on Fluoride

A Bibliography of Scientific Literature on Fluoride

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